Strategies and Outcomes in Eastern Europe

For countries emerging from communism, the post-1989 imperative to “be like the West” has generated discontent and even a “return of the repressed,” as the region feels old nationalist stirrings…

Western pressure can be decisive, but it is not always easy to forecast when and how it will be applied.

Desperate to secure victory for its own candidate in the 2004 presidential election, the incumbent regime undertook an unprecedented campaign of blatant election fraud. But it had underestimated the citizenry…